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Short Answer Questions: 1. What was the essence of Gandhiji's teaching? The essence of Gandhiji's teaching was fearlessness and truth. 2. What according to Gandhiji, was truth? According to Gandhiji, for an individual the truth is what he himself feels and knows to be true. 3. What was the two-fold actions of Gandhiji? First one is to resist and fight against foreign rule and the second fold is to fight against social evils in the society such as the curse of untouchability, problems of minority problems and the rising of the depressed classes. 4. What was the India of Gandhiji's dream? In the India of Gandiji's dream there shall be no high class and low class of people. Where all communities shall live in perfect harmony. There should not be intoxicating drinks and drugs. There should not be the curse of untouchability. In India the poorest shall feel it is their country and they have effective voice in its making. Women will enjoy the same right ...

                                    IF 1. The first stanza of ‘If’ speaks about the need for self-confidence. Do you agree? Why? The first stanza of 'IF' truly deals with the need for self confidence. Crisis is a common incident in the life of a human being. Ups and downs, victories and defeats may come. But a person must face all these situations with confidence. Situations must not make us depressed. 2. What does the poet say about patience? Patience is a virtue. It is a quality, which many people wish to have, but find it very hard to devolop. Patience requires hard effort. A person who is patient can be a good listener and a good friend. Waiting with patience can bring about good results. 3. Explain the poet’s views on honesty and fortitude of character. Honesty and fortitude of character, are two good values in life. A perfect man must build up good character and these two values must make a f...

QUEST FOR A THEORY OF EVERYTHING 1. Write a note on the character of Jane. Jane was a shy teenager with a strong faith in God. This faith was ingrained in her by her mother. She believed that good can come out of any adversity. When she met Hawking after his discharge from the hospital, he was in a sad state. She felt that he had lost his will to live and he was very confused. She was not put off by his physical or mental condition. Hawking liked her optimism and their friendship grew. They thought that together they could make something good. For Stephen it made a big difference. He applied for a research fellowship at Caius, one of the colleges of Cambridge University. In 1965, when he was 23, he received his fellowship at Caius. In July, 1965, he married Jane. They had 3 children. In fact it was Jane who gave the moral support to Hawking to overcome his adversities and do something great for mankind. 2. What was Hawking’s attitude to his disability? How do you estimate it in a wider...

                            I WILL FLY Activity – II (Speech) Imagine that you get the opportunity to address Class X students before their public examination. On the basis of Dr Kalam’s message, prepare a speech to motivate and prepare them for the examination. My dear students, You are soon going to appear for the SSLC Examination which is considered to be a big turning point in your life. Some students get panicky before the examination and spoil their chances to do well. There is no need to fear. The examinations are simply to test your understanding of the things that you have been taught in the class. Millions of students before you have taken this kind of examination. So this is nothing new or terrifying.  Be confident. Don’t be nervous. Be optimistic. Be cool, calm and composed. Fear will not help you. It will only make you forget what you already know. You have been reading your lessons regularly and doi...

Activity - I (Read and Respond) 1. What is the theme of the story "His First Flight"? The main theme of the story "His First Flight" is the importance of courage and self-confidence in overcoming fear. The young seagull is afraid to fly, even though he has wings like his siblings. His fear holds him back, but with a little push from his mother, he finally takes the risk. As he starts flying, he realizes his true strength. The story shows that fear is natural, but we must believe in ourselves and take the first step to grow and succeed in life. It also highlights the supportive role of family in helping us face our fears. 2. What do you think is the real crisis faced by the young bird? The real crisis faced by the young bird is not the lack of ability, but the lack of confidence and fear of failure. He knows how to fly, but he is too scared to try. He watches his siblings fly and enjoys their freedom, but his fear stops him from taking the first step. Eve...

ഹയർ സെക്കണ്ടറി / VHSE ഫലം മെയ് 21-ന് തിരുവനന്തപുരം: സംസ്ഥാനത്തെ ഹയർ സെക്കണ്ടറി (പ്ലസ് ടു) പരീക്ഷാഫലം മെയ് 21-ന് പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കുമെന്ന് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ മന്ത്രി വി. ശിവൻകുട്ടി അറിയിച്ചു. 444707 വിദ്യാർത്ഥികൾ പരീക്ഷയ്ക്ക് രജിസ്റ്റർ ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. മൂല്യനിർണ്ണയം പൂര്‍ത്തിയായതായും ടാബുലേഷൻ പുരോഗമിക്കുകയാണെന്നും മന്ത്രി പറഞ്ഞു. ബോർഡ് യോഗം മെയ് 14ന് നടക്കും. ഫലം പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കുന്നത് മെയ് 21-ന് ആയിരിക്കും. ഒന്നാം വർഷ ഹയർ സെക്കണ്ടറി പരീക്ഷയിലെ മൂല്യനിർണ്ണയവും പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു. 413581 വിദ്യാർത്ഥികൾ പരീക്ഷ എഴുതിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. ടാബുലേഷൻ പൂർത്തിയാക്കിയ ശേഷം ഫലം ജൂൺ മാസത്തിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കും. പ്ലസ് വൺ ഇപ്രൂവ്മെൻറ് ഫലം കഴിഞ്ഞ ദിവസം പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ചിരുന്നു.

Textual Questions and Answers a. Why does the sight of the old man frighten Pelayo?          Pelayo is frightened because the old man looks strange and unnatural — he is lying face down in the mud, groaning, and has enormous wings, which make him appear eerie and otherworldly. b. Why was the old man unable to get up?           The old man couldn't get up because his enormous wings were entangled in the mud, and he was extremely weak, making movement difficult. c. The couple consider the old man a ‘lonely castaway’. Why?           They think he might be a shipwrecked foreigner, as he speaks an incomprehensible dialect and has the appearance of someone who has suffered greatly, resembling a ragpicker or a stranded sailor. d. Why was the neighbour woman sure that the old man was an angel?           She believed he was an angel because of his wings, and claimed that he must have c...

Introduction "Obituary" is one of A. K. Ramanujan’s most well-known and frequently anthologized poems. As a modern Indian poet writing in English, Ramanujan blends personal memory, cultural identity, and irony to reflect on the complexity of familial relationships and postcolonial Indian life. This poem appears in his collection Relations and is a poignant yet ironic account of the speaker’s father’s death and its aftermath. The title itself sets the tone—a cold, detached term typically associated with formal newspaper notices, which contrasts sharply with the personal and emotional content of the poem. Summary The poem begins with a list of what the father left behind after his death: debts, daughters, a bedwetting grandson, and an old house. There is no mention of wealth or proud legacy. Instead, the inheritance is deeply ironic and burdensome. The speaker notes how his father’s obituary appeared in the newspaper, not as a tribute but as a formality—among column...

Introduction to the Poem and the Poet "Night of the Scorpion" is a renowned poem by Nissim Ezekiel, one of the foundational figures in Indian English poetry. Ezekiel was known for his modern outlook and realistic portrayal of Indian society, often capturing the clash between traditional beliefs and modern thinking. In this poem, he presents a vivid narrative inspired by a real incident from his childhood, blending personal memory with universal themes such as fear, faith, and maternal love. The poem is a reflection on how individuals and communities respond to suffering, and it shows Ezekiel’s ability to present ordinary events in a deeply meaningful way. Detailed Summary of the Poem The poem begins with a sudden incident on a rainy night when a scorpion, seeking refuge from the downpour, enters the poet’s house and stings his mother. The poet, who was a child at the time, recalls the dramatic events that followed. As soon as the scorpion disappears into the darkn...

Bayen by Mahasweta Devi – A Detailed Study Note Introduction "Bayen" is a powerful short story by Mahasweta Devi, one of India’s most influential literary voices, known for her commitment to social realism and the portrayal of marginalized communities. The story delves into the themes of superstition, patriarchy, and the oppression of women, particularly those labeled as witches in rural India. Through the character of Chandi, Mahasweta Devi exposes the deep-rooted prejudices and exploitation faced by women, blending folklore with social critique to present a compelling narrative of suffering and resilience. Plot Summary The story revolves around Chandi, a woman who works as a railway watchwoman, ensuring that no one gets hit by passing trains. She is a hardworking and responsible individual, but her life takes a tragic turn when she is accused of being a "Bayen"—a witch-like figure feared and ostracized by society. The accusation is based on superstitio...

Detailed Study Notes on "This is a Photograph of Me" by Margaret Atwood Introduction "This is a Photograph of Me" is a thought-provoking poem by Margaret Atwood, a renowned Canadian poet and novelist. The poem was published in her 1966 collection The Circle Game. It explores themes of identity, memory, perception, and the invisibility of marginalized voices. Atwood uses a unique narrative structure and evocative imagery to reveal deeper truths about existence and disappearance, ultimately making a powerful feminist and existential statement. Summary of the Poem At first glance, the poem appears to describe an old photograph. The speaker describes the setting in a calm and ordinary tone, mentioning the landscape details—the house, a small lake, and surrounding trees. However, as the poem progresses, an unsettling truth emerges: the speaker, the subject of the photograph, is not immediately visible. It is only upon closer examination that the speaker revea...

Detailed Study Notes on Sonnet 121 by William Shakespeare Introduction William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 121 presents a powerful critique of moral hypocrisy and societal judgment. The poem explores the idea that it is better to be genuinely flawed than to be unfairly accused of wrongdoing. Shakespeare challenges the perception of morality dictated by others and argues that true integrity lies in being oneself, regardless of public opinion. The sonnet is a strong assertion of self-identity and a rejection of the false moral superiority exhibited by society. Summary and Interpretation In Sonnet 121, the speaker begins by stating that it is preferable to be truly "vile" than to be wrongly accused of being so. He expresses frustration at the way people judge others not based on reality but on their own distorted perceptions. He questions why his actions should be condemned by those who themselves have corrupt minds. The speaker refuses to conform to these false moral stand...

Detailed Study Notes on The Old Man and the Sea Introduction The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1952. It is one of Hemingway's most celebrated works and played a crucial role in earning him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The novel tells the story of an aging fisherman, Santiago, who engages in an intense battle with a giant marlin in the Gulf Stream. The novel is often considered a classic of modern literature and is renowned for its deep themes of perseverance, resilience, and human dignity. Plot Summary The novel follows Santiago, an old fisherman from Cuba who has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Despite this streak of bad luck, he remains hopeful and determined. His young apprentice, Manolin, is devoted to him but is forced by his parents to fish with more successful men. However, Manolin deeply admires Santiago and continues to care for him. On the eighty-fifth day, Santiago sets out alone ...

To Posterity – Detailed Study Notes Introduction Louis MacNeice’s poem To Posterity is a deeply reflective and philosophical work that explores the uncertainties of how future generations will perceive the present. MacNeice, an Irish poet closely associated with the Auden Group, often infused his poetry with themes of political awareness, realism, and existential thought. This poem encapsulates his concerns about the fleeting nature of time and the potential misinterpretation of history. He questions whether the lived experiences, struggles, and emotions of his time will be accurately understood by those who come after or if they will be reduced to mere historical records devoid of true depth. Addressing the Future The poem takes the form of an imagined conversation between the present and the future, where MacNeice addresses posterity directly. He seems to recognize the inevitable passage of time and the possibility that future generations might misunderstand or overlook t...

Detailed Study Notes on On His Blindness Introduction "On His Blindness" is one of John Milton’s most famous sonnets, written after he became completely blind around 1655. The poem is deeply personal, reflecting Milton’s inner conflict as he struggles to accept his blindness and fears that he can no longer serve God as a poet. However, through a spiritual realization, he learns that patience and faith are also forms of service. The poem ultimately conveys a message of acceptance, emphasizing that God does not judge people by their actions alone but also by their willingness to submit to His will. Structure and Form The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet consisting of fourteen lines divided into an octave and a sestet. The octave introduces Milton’s doubt and despair, while the sestet resolves this inner conflict with an answer from Patience. The rhyme scheme follows the traditional Italian sonnet pattern: ABBA ABBA CDE CDE. Written in iambic pentameter, the poem maintain...

Study Notes on The Road Not Taken Introduction Robert Frost’s poem The Road Not Taken, published in 1916, is one of the most well-known and frequently analyzed poems in American literature. It presents a reflective and symbolic exploration of choices and their impact on life. The poem follows a traveler who arrives at a fork in a forest path and must decide which road to take. This moment of decision serves as a metaphor for the choices we all face in life, emphasizing the difficulty of making decisions when we cannot predict their outcomes. Setting and Context The poem is set in an autumnal forest, as indicated by the phrase "yellow wood," which creates a mood of transition and change. The speaker comes across two diverging roads and feels regret that he cannot take both. He examines one road as far as possible before shifting his attention to the other. This moment symbolizes the thought process involved in making important life choices, where individuals often ...